Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a unique type of cancer that primarily affects the skin, but can also involve the mouth, lymph nodes, and internal organs. It is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). While this virus is relatively common, KS usually occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

Types of Kaposi Sarcoma

There are four main types of Kaposi sarcoma:

1. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: This is the most common form, occurring in people with HIV/AIDS. The weakened immune system in these individuals allows the HHV-8 virus to cause cancer.
2. Classic (Mediterranean) KS: Typically affects older men of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Middle Eastern descent. It progresses slowly and is often less aggressive.
3. Endemic (African) KS: Found in people living in Equatorial Africa, this type is more common in children and young adults.
4. Iatrogenic (transplant-related) KS: Occurs in individuals who have received organ transplants and are on immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection.

Causes

Kaposi sarcoma is linked to infection with HHV-8. The virus is present in many people, but only those with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or on immunosuppressive therapy, are at significant risk of developing KS.

Symptoms

Symptoms of Kaposi sarcoma vary based on the location and type of lesions:

• Skin Lesions: Painless, purplish spots or patches, typically on the legs, feet, or face.
• Oral Lesions: Lesions in the mouth, which can cause difficulty eating or speaking.
• Lymph Node Involvement: Swelling in the legs and feet due to blocked lymphatic vessels.
• Internal Lesions: Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract or respiratory system can lead to symptoms such as bleeding, pain, or difficulty breathing.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination and biopsy of the lesions. If internal involvement is suspected, imaging studies and endoscopy may be necessary.

Treatment

The treatment approach for Kaposi sarcoma depends on the type and extent of the disease:

• Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): For AIDS-related KS, controlling HIV with ART can significantly improve immune function and help manage KS.
• Radiation Therapy: Effective for localized lesions.
• Chemotherapy: Used for more widespread disease.
• Immunotherapy: Helps boost the body’s immune response against the cancer.

Prognosis

The prognosis for Kaposi sarcoma varies. With effective treatment, especially in AIDS-related KS, many patients can manage the disease successfully. Early detection and appropriate therapy are crucial for improving outcomes.

Kaposi sarcoma is a complex condition closely linked to immune system health. Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help in managing this disease effectively. If you or a loved one are at risk, regular medical check-ups and prompt attention to any unusual symptoms can make a significant difference.